Berkeley Seismological Laboratory PHOTOS 0) Perhaps the first "seismologist", Chang Heng, in about 132 A.D. His seismoscope operated with an inverted pendulum. The first impulse from an earthquake caused a ball to fall from a dragon's mouth down to a frog. From the ball which fell he imputed the direction to the earthquake. 1) Edward S. Holden, President of the University of California 1885-1888 (University Portrait). 2) Edward S. Holden with staff of Lick Observatory (Lick Observaatory established by gift from James Lick in 1874; accepted by the Regents as the Lick Astronomical Department of the University in 1888. He was instrumental for installing seismographs at Lick Observatory in 1887 (to observe earthquakes that might affect his sensitive telescopes). 3 & 4) Description of the new seismographs in the first journal of the Astronomy Department. 5) Drawing of the two seismographs installed at the Lick Observatory (MHC) and at the student observatory on the U.C.Berkely Campus (BRK). (This site was on Observatory Hill, now in front of McCone Hall housing the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, the Earth And Planetary Science and Geography Departments, and the Earth Sciences Library. 6, 7 & 8) Seismograms of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake created by the instruments above. 9) Student astronomers at the facilities on Observatory Hill on the U.C. Berkeley Campus (circa 1890). 10 & 10A) Building which held the seismometers on Observatory Hill. The BRK station was eventually moved to the Bancroft Library, and subsequently to Haviland Hall where they remain today...of course they have been replaced by more and more modern instruments over the years. All of the observatory buildings remained until the mid-1950's, when most were removed (the partial walls of two of them still stand; they are supporting some very rare foliage that the campus didn't want to be disturbed). 11 & 12) Portraits of Andrew Lawson. 13) The University provided that there be a "Director" of "The Seismographic Stations in 1925. Photo of the first Director, Perry Byerly, and Andrew Lawson with three others. 14) Photo of many of the most famous seismologists of their time (and ours) at Pasadena in 1929 (The building at the left is the Field of Seismology Lab, Cal Tech, Pasadena.) From Perry Byerly's Handwritten Notes: "Conference on future of Seismological Laboratory, 1929) Back Row: "X, Perry Byerly, Harry Fielding Reid, John Anderson, Father Macelwane" Front Row: "X, Leason Adams, Hugo Benioff, Beno Gutenberg, Harold Jeffreys, Charles Richter, Arthur Day, Harry Wood, Ralph Arnold, John P. Buwalda" ("X" refers to assistants to Harry Wood whom Perry did not know.) 15) Wiechert 160 Kg Pendulum Seismograph, manufactured by Spindler and Hoyer, Gottingen, Germany, 1910. In 1907, W.R. Hearst contributed funds for new seismographs. Wiechert seismographs operated at Mt. Hamilton and Berkeley from 1911 until 1957. 16) Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer developed by Messrs. Wood and Anderson in photo 14). This instrument was in wide use by the mid-1930's, so Charles Richter used the photographic record from this instrument as his standard for calculating Local Magnitudes (sometimes referred to as "Richter" magnitudes). These were used into the 1990's, when computer science became capable of creating the same records with broadband digital data. Today Moment mMgnitudes are the standard for events where they can be determined (perhaps magnitude 3.5 and larger). The Local magnitudes are still used for smaller events, and for larger events, for comparison with historical earthquakes, 17) Medieval European theory; earthquake winds were thought to blow around inside the earth, causing earthquakes and volcanos. 18 A & B) The huge catfish who would roll over and cause earthquakes in Japan. There was quite a mythology, with catfish given the names of the cities they destroyed. The namazu-e prints depict some of the goings on between these creatures and man. 19) Director Perry Byerly and colleagues stand above the fault scarp created by the Dixie Valley and Fairview Peak, Nevada, Earthquakes (magnitudes 7.1 & 6.8 respectively) which occurred in December, 1954. 20) Engineers Don Tocher and Tom Turcotte standing behind the triple drum recorder (holding 3 sheets of photographic paper) in the Byerly Vault on the U.C. Berkeley campus (Summer of 1962). 21) Engineer Walter Marion (who was also a clockmaker, responsible for installing the street clock at UCSF Parnassus, among many others). He is showing the principles of the Wiechert seismograph to faculty of the Barrett School. 22) Director Bruce Bolt watches as Engineers Jim Carlson and John Friday install the Lab's first down-hole accelerometer in a borehole just north of Cal Stadium (1976). 23 A & B) Engineer John Friday sets up SR-1 Accelerometers for testing on the U.C.Berkeley shake-table at the Richmond Field Station (circa 1980). These instruments were destined for the SMART-1 array in Taiwan (Strong Motion ARray Taiwan). 24) A seismometer package was installed on the Moon, which recorded "moonquakes" thought probably to be caused by meteoroid impacts on the surface. 25 A & B) The bookcover and frontispiece from a book published in 1906, containing damage photos, and "before" photos of the 1906 earthquake, provided to him by several photographers of the time. 26 A & B) Photo of the city before the earthquake and fire (photo spread over 2 pages, has to be scanned in overlapping pieces. 27 A & B) Photo of the city after the earthquake and fire (photo spread over 2 pages, has to be scanned in overlapping pieces, and is from different perspective than that of 26 A & B). 28 A & B) San Francisco City Hall before and after the earthquake and fire. (It appears that the two photos are taken from opposing corners of the building). 29 A & B) U.S. Government Mint in San Francisco during the fire which can be seen in the background. After the fire the building was relatively not phased by it all. (It is interesting to note that after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake the whole building was raised onto ground isolation rollers.) 30 A) People resting in Union Square as they escape the fire (that can be seen in the background). Every building that is seen here was eventually destroyed by the fire, B) The view of desolation after the fire, looking westward towards the St. Francis Hotel. 31) Photos of damage in the East Bay from the 1868 Haywards EQ. 32 A & B) Photos of damage in San Francisco from the 1868 Haywards EQ. A) is the 6-photo page spread. B) is a scan of just the first one.